Kuyambira pomwe bungwe la WHO lidalengeza kuti COVID-19 ndi "mliri" wapadziko lonse lapansi pa Marichi 11, 2020, mayiko padziko lonse lapansi awona kuti kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ngati njira yoyamba yodzitetezera popewa kufalikira kwa mliriwu. Ochulukirachulukira mabungwe ofufuza asayansi achita chidwi kwambiri ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a ultraviolet (UV): ukadaulo wopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda umafunikira ntchito yochepa yamanja, sikuwonjezera kukana kwa mabakiteriya, ndipo zitha kuchitidwa patali popanda anthu omwe alipo. Kuwongolera mwaluntha ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndizoyenera makamaka kumalo otsekedwa omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri, nthawi yayitali yokhalamo komanso komwe matenda opatsirana amatha kuchitika. Zakhala njira yayikulu yopewera miliri, kutsekereza ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kuti tilankhule za chiyambi cha ultraviolet sterilization ndi nyali disinfection, tiyenera kuyamba pang'onopang'ono ndi kupeza kuwala "ultraviolet".
Kuwala kwa Ultraviolet ndi kopepuka komanso pafupipafupi 750THz mpaka 30PHz pakuwala kwadzuwa, kolingana ndi kutalika kwa 400nm mpaka 10nm mu vacuum. Kuwala kwa ultraviolet kumakhala ndi ma frequency apamwamba kuposa kuwala kowoneka bwino ndipo sikungawoneke ndi maso. Kalekale, anthu sankadziwa kuti lilipo.
Ritter (Johann Wilhelm Ritter(1776-1810)
Wasayansi waku Britain Herschel atapeza kutentha kosawoneka, kuwala kwa infrared, mu 1800, kumatsatira lingaliro la sayansi kuti "zinthu zimakhala ndi magawo awiri", wasayansi waku Germany ndi katswiri wamankhwala Johann Wilhelm Ritter, (1776-1810), adapezeka mu 1801 kuti pali kuwala kosawoneka kupitirira kumapeto kwa violet kwa mawonekedwe owoneka. Iye anapeza kuti mbali ina imene ili kunja kwa nsonga ya kuwala kwa dzuwa ingathandize kuti mafilimu amene ali ndi silver bromide azindikire kuti kuli kuwala kwa dzuwa. Choncho, Ritter amadziwikanso kuti tate wa kuwala kwa ultraviolet.
Ultraviolet cheza akhoza kugawidwa mu UVA (wavelength 400nm kuti 320nm, otsika pafupipafupi ndi yaitali yoweyula), UVB (wavelength 320nm kuti 280nm, sing'anga pafupipafupi ndi sing'anga yoweyula), UVC (wavelength 280nm kuti 100nm, mkulu pafupipafupi ndi lalifupi yoweyula), EUV ( 100nm mpaka 10nm, Ultra high frequency) 4 mtundu.
Mu 1877, a Downs ndi Blunt adanenanso kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti ma radiation a solar amatha kupha mabakiteriya mu media media, zomwe zidatsegulanso chitseko cha kafukufuku ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kuletsa ndi kupha ma ultraviolet. Mu 1878, anthu adapeza kuti cheza cha ultraviolet padzuwa chimakhala ndi choletsa komanso chopha tizilombo. Mu 1901 ndi 1906, anthu anapanga mercury arc, gwero lopangira kuwala kwa ultraviolet, ndi nyali za quartz zokhala ndi mphamvu zabwino zotumizira kuwala kwa ultraviolet.
Mu 1960, makina a ultraviolet sterilization ndi disinfection adatsimikiziridwa koyamba. Kumbali imodzi, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tikayatsidwa ndi kuwala kwa ultraviolet, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mu cell cell imatenga mphamvu ya ultraviolet photon, ndipo mphete ya cyclobutyl imapanga dimer pakati pa magulu awiri oyandikana nawo a thymine mu unyolo womwewo wa molekyulu ya DNA. (thymine dimer). Dimer ikapangidwa, mawonekedwe a helix awiri a DNA amakhudzidwa, kaphatikizidwe ka RNA primers imayima pa dimer, ndipo kubwereza ndi kusindikiza kwa DNA kumalepheretsedwa. Kumbali inayi, ma radicals aulere amatha kupangidwa pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet, kuchititsa photoionization, potero kulepheretsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kubwereza ndi kuberekana. Maselo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zithunzi za ultraviolet m'magulu a kutalika kwa mafunde pafupi ndi 220nm ndi 260nm, ndipo amatha kuyamwa bwino mphamvu ya photon m'magulu awiriwa, motero amalepheretsa kubwereza kwa DNA. Ma radiation ambiri a ultraviolet okhala ndi kutalika kwa 200nm kapena kufupikitsa amalowetsedwa mumlengalenga, motero ndizovuta kufalikira mtunda wautali. Chifukwa chake, kutalika kwa ma radiation a ultraviolet kumakhazikika pakati pa 200nm ndi 300nm. Komabe, cheza cha ultraviolet chomwe chamwedwa pansi pa 200nm chidzawola mamolekyu a okosijeni mumlengalenga ndikupanga ozone, yomwe imathandiziranso kuletsa ndi kupha tizilombo.
Njira ya luminescence kudzera pakutulutsa kosangalatsa kwa mercury nthunzi yakhala ikudziwika kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 19: nthunziyo imatsekeredwa mu chubu lagalasi, ndipo voteji imayikidwa pa maelekitirodi achitsulo awiri kumapeto onse a chubu, motero kupanga "arc of light" , kupangitsa nthunzi kuwala. Popeza kuti magalasi otumiza magalasi ku ultraviolet anali otsika kwambiri panthawiyo, magwero opangira kuwala a ultraviolet anali asanadziwike.
Mu 1904, Dr. Richard Küch wa ku Heraeus ku Germany anagwiritsa ntchito galasi la quartz lopanda kuwira, loyera kwambiri kuti apange nyali yoyamba ya quartz ultraviolet mercury, Original Hanau® Höhensonne. Choncho Küch amaonedwa kuti ndi amene anayambitsa nyale ya ultraviolet mercury komanso mpainiya wogwiritsa ntchito magwero a kuwala kopangira kuwala kwa anthu pochiritsa kuwala kwachipatala.
Popeza nyali yoyamba ya quartz ultraviolet mercury idawonekera mu 1904, anthu adayamba kuphunzira momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito poletsa kulera. Mu 1907, nyali zowoneka bwino za quartz ultraviolet zidagulitsidwa kwambiri ngati gwero lazachipatala. Mu 1910, ku Marseilles, France, makina ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a ultraviolet adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga madzi a m'tawuni, ndi mphamvu yatsiku ndi tsiku ya 200 m3 / d. Cha m'ma 1920, anthu anayamba kuphunzira za ultraviolet m'munda wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mu 1936, anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono zoziziritsa kukhosi m’zipinda zachipatala. Mu 1937, machitidwe a ultraviolet sterilization anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'masukulu kuti athetse kufalikira kwa rubella.
Cha m’katikati mwa zaka za m’ma 1960, anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m’mizinda ya m’tauni. Kuchokera mu 1965 mpaka 1969, bungwe la Ontario Water Resources Commission ku Canada lidachita kafukufuku ndikuwunika pakugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa ultraviolet disinfection pochotsa zimbudzi zam'tawuni komanso momwe zimakhudzira kulandirira madzi. Mu 1975, dziko la Norway linayambitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a ultraviolet, m’malo mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a klorini n’kuikamo zinthu zina. Kafukufuku wambiri woyambirira adachitidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a ultraviolet pochiza zimbudzi zamatawuni.
Izi zinali makamaka chifukwa chakuti asayansi panthawiyo anazindikira kuti klorini yotsalira mu njira yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda inali poizoni kwa nsomba ndi zamoyo zina zomwe zimalandira madzi. , ndipo zinapezeka ndikutsimikizira kuti njira zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga chlorine disinfection zimatha kupanga carcinogenic and genetic aberration by-products monga trihalomethanes (THMs). Zotsatirazi zidapangitsa anthu kufunafuna njira yabwino yophera tizilombo. Mu 1982, kampani ina ya ku Canada inapanga njira yoyamba padziko lonse yopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a ultraviolet.
Mu 1998, Bolton adatsimikizira mphamvu ya kuwala kwa ultraviolet powononga protozoa, motero kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito teknoloji yopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a ultraviolet m'njira zina zazikulu zoperekera madzi m'tawuni. Mwachitsanzo, pakati pa 1998 ndi 1999, malo opangira madzi a Vanhakaupunki ndi Pitkäkoski ku Helsinki, Finland, adakonzedwanso ndipo njira zopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a ultraviolet anawonjezeredwa, ndi mphamvu zonse zochizira pafupifupi 12,000 m3/h; EL ku Edmonton, Canada Smith Water Supply Plant inaikanso malo ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a ultraviolet kuzungulira 2002, ndi mphamvu ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya 15,000 m3 / h.
Pa Julayi 25, 2023, China idalengeza muyeso wadziko lonse "Ultraviolet germicidal lamp standard GB 19258-2003". Dzina lachingerezi ndi: Ultraviolet germicidal lamp. Pa November 5, 2012, dziko la China linalengeza za "Cold cathode ultraviolet germicidal nyali nambala ya GB/T 28795-2012". Dzina lachingerezi ndi: Cold cathode ultraviolet germicidal nyali. Pa Disembala 29, 2022, China idalengeza za "Energy Efficiency Limit Values and Energy Efficiency Level Standard Number of Ballasts for Gas Discharge Lamp for General Lighting: GB 17896-2022" mulingo wadziko lonse, dzina lachingerezi: Zofunikira zochepa zovomerezeka zakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi mphamvu. ma ballasts amagetsi otulutsa mpweya kuti aziunikira wamba adzakhazikitsidwa pa Januware 1, 2024.
Pakali pano, ukadaulo wa ultraviolet sterilization wapanga ukadaulo wotetezeka, wodalirika, wothandiza komanso woteteza chilengedwe. Ukadaulo wochotsa ma ultraviolet pang'onopang'ono umalowa m'malo mwa njira zachikhalidwe zophera tizilombo ndikukhala ukadaulo wodziwika bwino wopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana kunyumba ndi kunja, monga chithandizo cha gasi wotayirira, chithandizo chamadzi, kutsekereza pamwamba, kutsekereza mpweya, etc.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-08-2023